Oleh: Annisa Lutfia Belinda, Mahasiswa Jurusan Hukum UBB
Jendelakaba.com — Hukum waris adalah hukum yang mengatur tentang pembagian harta seseorang yang telah meninggal kepada ahli waris atau keluarga yang berhak. Prinsip pembagian waris menurut hukum perdata diatur dalam buku ke II (2) dalam KUH Perdata. Adapun pengertian lain, hukum waris adalah hukum yang mengatur mengenai kekayaan seseorang setelah ia meninggal, mengenai bagaimana memindahkan kekayaan seseorang setelah ia tiada.
Dalam hukum perdata, pasal yang mengatur tentang hukum waris, melibatkan sebanyak 300 pasal dalam KUH Perdata, di mulai pada pasal 830 KUH Perdata sampai dengan pasal 1130 KUH Perdata. Dan dalam hukum Islam diatur pula pada Inpres No. 1 tahun 1991 tentang Penyebarluasan Kompilasi Hukum Islam.
Dalam hukum perdata terdapat surat wasiat yang dapat di buat oleh seseorang sebelum ia meninggal dunia, surat wasiat ialah sebuah akta berisi pernyataan seseorang tentang apa yang dikehendakinya terjadi setelah ia meninggal, yang dapat dicabut kembali olehnya. Terdapat dua jenis surat wasiat dalam hukum perdata yakni, surat wasiat tertulis dan surat wasiat rahasia.
Dalam hukum waris terdapat unsur-unsur warisan yang harus dipenuhi agar warisan dapat di bagikan, unsur-unsur tersebut meliputi, adanya pewaris, ahli waris, dan harta warisan. Dalam hukum perdata pula, ada empat golongan yang bisa mendapat warisan, golongan pertama yakni suami istri dan anak-anak kandungnya, golongan kedua yakni orang tua dan saudara kandung pewaris, golongan yang ketiga ada sanak keluarga (dalam garis lurus ke atas sesudah orang tua pewaris), dan golongan ke empat ada paman, bibi pewaris dari pihak bapak maupun ibu pewaris (garis menyimpang derajat ke 6).
Di Indonesia marak terjadinya kasus yang melibatkan warisan keluarga sering kita jumpai sebagai permasalahan yang dapat memicu terjadinya konflik antar anggota keluarga. Kasus ini biasanya melibatkan peraturan undang-undang yang berlaku saat ini, tetapi dapat pula melibatkan hukum yang terkait hak waris.
Sebagai contoh, Dino merupakan seorang kepala keluarga yang telah meninggal dunia, beliau meninggal tanpa meninggalkan surat wasiat, otomatis harta warisannya harus dibagikan kepada anak dan istrinya. Namun saudara kandung dari pihak Dino menuntut anak istri Dino untuk membagi lagi harta warisan yang di tinggalkan Dino tersebut.
Tetapi sesuai ketentuan yang berlaku dalam pasal 830 KUH Perdata yang berbunyi “pewarisan hanya terjadi karena kematian”, yang dapat kita jelaskan secara singkat bahwa, warisan baru terbuka saat si peninggal atau pewaris harta warisan sudah tiada dan terdapat ahli waris yang masih hidup serta sah sebagai ahli waris, maka di prioritaskan harta warisan tersebut kepada si ahli waris tadi, dalam kasus ini anak dan istri Dino yang berhak mendapatkan harta waris Dino terlebih dahulu, sebelum keluarga dari pihak Dino mendapat warisan tersebut
Ini pula sesuai dengan ketentuan dalam pasal 832 KUH Perdata yang berbunyi “Menurut undang-undang, yang berhak menjadi ahli waris ialah keluarga sedarah, baik sah menurut undang-undang maupun di luar perkawinan dan suami atau istri yang hidup terlama. Maka keluarga pihak pewaris pun memiliki hak yang sama untuk menjadi ahli waris (ayah dan ibu) namun tetap di prioritaskan istri dan anak si pewaris untuk mendapat warisan terlebih dahulu. Setelah istri dan anak si pewaris mendapatkan haknya, barulah ayah, ibu dan saudara pewaris dapat mengajukan atau mendapat bagian warisannya.
Namun apabila telah terjadi konflik dalam masalah warisan dan tidak dapat diselesaikan secara kekeluargaan, maka penyelesaian konflik mengenai kewarisan dapat kita lakukan melalui jalur litigasi yaitu penyelesaian sengketa di pengadilan atau jalur non litigasi yang dilakukan di luar pengadilan seperti melibatkan tokoh agama, tokoh masyarakat atau pemerintah setempat untuk memediasi pihak yang bersengketa.***
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