KEDUDUKAN KORBAN DALAM SISTEM PERADILAN PIDANA

 

Oleh : Syaiful Anwar

 

Seperti kita ketahui bahwa keberadan korban dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana masih belum diatur secara jelas. Hal ini memberikan implikasi terhadap tidak terpenuhinya rasa keadilan kepada korban suatu tindak pidana. Hukum pidana sebagai hukum publik telah mengatur bahwa korban sebagai pihak yang dirugikan telah diwakili oleh institusi pemerintahan yaitu Kepolisian dan Jaksa. Maka jika terdapat suatu tindak pidana dan terdapat korban yang dirugikan maka prosesnya akan menempuh mekanisme yang telah diatur dalam Kitab Undang-undang Hukum Acara Pidana, dimana Proses Penyidikan oleh Kepolisian, Penuntutan oleh Kejaksaan dan Peradilan oleh Pengadilan. Dalam hal ini korban hanya bersifat pasif, ketika laporan ataupun pengaduan telah disampaikan kepada Kepolisian, maka prosesnya sudah mulai berjalan dan korban hanya berperan sebagai saksi korban dalam proses tersebut dan korban tinggal menunggu putusan pengadilan.

Ada kalanya suatu tuntutan jaksa maupun putusan atau vonis yang telah dijatuhkan oleh pengadilan tidak memenuhi rasa keadalian dari diri korban. Tidak jarang putusan yang telah dijatuhkan kepada terdakwa jauh dari perbuatan yang dilakukan oleh terdakwa. Padahal perbuatan yang telah dilakukan itu telah memberikan kerugian yang sangat berat terhadap korban. Jika seperti itu apa yang semestinya korban lakukan?

Dalam Kitab Undang-undang Acara Pidana tidak mengatur tentang upaya hukum yang dapat dilakukan korban jika korban tidak puas dengan suatu putusan pengadilan. Tidak seperti tersangka, yang dapat melakukan upaya hukum, banding, Kasasi, ataupun Peninjauan Kembali. Korban yang diwakili oleh jaksa sebagai penuntut umum hanya bisa menerima putusan tersebut. Bersyukur jika Jaksa Penuntut Umum melakukan banding, jika tidak, apa yang bisa dilakukan oleh korban?

Oleh sebab itu perlu adanya suatu perbaikan dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana, yang mana tidak hanya mengatur hak-hak seorang tersangka, tidak hanya berkutat pada perbuatan- perbuatan pelaku, pemenuhan unsur-unsur pasal yang diterapkan dan pembelaan terdakwa oleh pengacaranya. Tetapi disatu sisi perlu adanya pemenuhan hak-hak korban dan rasa keadilan korban. Oleh sebab itu perlu adanya suatu aturan yang jelas yang mengatur kedudukan korban dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana sehingga korban tidak muncul sebagai

orang yang dilupakan, sebagai individu yang dirugikan dan tak memperoleh keadilan.45

Sistem peradilan pidana di Indonesia cenderung kepada pendekatan kontrol sosial, di mana monopoli penuntutan terhadap pelaku perbuatan pidana dipegang oleh negara. Kedudukan korban dalam sistem peradilan pidana maupun dalam praktik peradilan relatif kurang diperhatikan karena ketentuan hukum Indonesia masih bertumpu pada perlindungan bagi pelaku (offender orientied).

Sebagaimana diketahui bahwa Undang-undang Nomor 8 tahun 1981, tentang Hukum Acara Pidana manganut sistem peradilan pidana yang mengutamakan Perlindungan hak hak azasi manusia, namun apabila ketentuan ketentuan mengenai hal itu diperhatikan secara lebih mendalam, ternyata hanya hak-hak tersangka atau terdakwa yang banyak ditonjolkan sedangkan hak-hak dari korban kejahatan sangat sedikit diatur. Sejalan dengan azas tersebut masyarakat khususnya media massa lebih banyak menyoroti mengenai hak-hak tersangka atau terdakwa dari pada mempermasalahkan mengenai Perlindungan terhadap korban kejahatan.

Padahal, dari pandangan kriminologis dan hukum pidana kejahatan adalah konflik antar individu yang menimbulkan kerugian kepada korban, masyarakat dan pelanggar sendiri dimana dari ketiga kelompok itu kepentingan korban kejahatan   adalah   bagian   utama   kejahatan    dimana menurut Andrew Ashworth, “primary an offence against the victim and only secondarily an offence against the wider comunity or state”. Bahkan secara umum publik memiliki pandangan yang menyebutkan pada saat pelaku kejahatan telah diperiksa, diadili dan dijatuhi hukuman pidana, maka pada saat itulah perlindungan terhadap korban telah diberikan, padahal pendapat demikian tidak sepenuhnya benar. Hal ini secara umum tercermin dalam setiap penanganan perkara pidana oleh aparat penegak hukum (polisi, jaksa) seringkali dihadapkan pada kewajiban untuk melindungi dua kepentingan yang terkesan saling berlawanan, yaitu kepentingan korban yang harus dilindungi untuk memulihkan penderitaannya karena telah menjadi korban kejahatan (secara mental, fisik, maupun material), dan kepentingan tertuduh atau tersangka sekalipun dia bersalah tetapi dia tetap sebagai manusia yang memiliki hak asasi yang tidak boleh dilanggar.

Apalagi dalam hal perbuatannya itu belum memperoleh putusan hakim yang menyatakan bahwa pelaku bersalah, pelaku harus dianggap sebagai orang yang tidak bersalah (azas praduga tidak bersalah). Korban kejahatan yang pada dasarnya merupakan pihak yang paling menderita dalam suatu tindak pidana, karena tidak memperoleh perlindungan sebanyak yang diberikan oleh undang-undang kepada pelaku kejahatan.

Korban kejahatan ditempatkan sebagai alat bukti yang memberi keterangan yaitu hanya sebagai saksi, sehingga kemungkinan bagi korban untuk memperoleh keleluasaan dalam memperjuangkan haknya adalah kecil. Korban tidak diberikan kewenangan dan tidak terlibat secara aktif dalam proses penyidikan dan persidangan, sehingga ia kehilangan kesempatan untuk memperjuangkan hak-hak dan memulihkan keadaanya akibat suatu kejahatan. Akibatnya, pada saat pelaku kejahatan telah dijatuhi sanksi pidana oleh pengadilan, kondisi korban kejahatan seperti tidak dipedulikan sama sekali. Padahal, masalah keadilan dan penghormatan hak asasi manusia tidak hanya berlaku terhadap pelaku kejahatan saja tetapi juga korban kejahatan.

Singkatnya, dalam membahas hukum acara pidana khususnya yang berkaitan dengan hak-hak asasi manusia, ada kecenderungan untuk mengupas hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan hak-hak tersangka tanpa memperhatikan pula hak-hak para korban. Oleh karena itu pemikiran viktimologi memberikan dasar mengenai perlunya korban diberi pelayanan yang memungkinkan untuk mendapatkan pelayanan kepentingan yang diperlukan korban. Dasar Pemikiran

  1. Ketidakseimbangan antara perlindungan korban kejahatan dengan pelaku kejahatan pada dasarnya merupakan salah satu pengingkaran dari asas setiap warga negara yang bersamaan kedudukannya dalam hukum dan pemerintahan, sebagaimana diamanatkan oleh Undang-undang Dasar 1945, sebagai landasan konstitusional.
  2. Dalam Kongres PBB VII/1985 di Milan (tentang “The Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders”) dikemukakan, bahwa hak-hak korban seyogianya terlihat sebagai bagian integral dari keseluruhan sistem peradilan pidana (“victims rights should be perceived as an integral aspect of the total criminal justice system”)

Pengertian “korban” berdasarkan    ketentuan    angka 1 “Declaration of basic principles of justice for victims of crime and abuse of power” pada tanggal 6 September 1985 dari Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa dalam Deklarasi Nomor A/Res/40/34 Tahun 1985 ditegaskan, bahwa: “Victims” means persons who, individually or collectively, have suffered harm, including physical or mental injury, emotional suffering, economic loss or substantial impairment of their fundamental right, through acts or omissions that are in violation of criminal laws operative within member states, including those laws proscribing criminal abuse power.

Berdasarkan pemikiran tersebut di atas, maka timbul pertanyaan bagaimanakah kedudukan dan peranan korban tindak pidana kejahatan dalam sistim peradilan di Indonesia. Perlu adanya suatu perbaikan dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana, yang mana tidak hanya mengatur hak-hak seorang tersangka, tidak hanya berkutat pada perbuatan-perbuatan pelaku, pemenuhan unsur-unsur pasal yang diterapkan dan pembelaan terdakwa oleh pengacaranya serta perlu adanya pemenuhan hak-hak korban dan rasa keadilan korban. Memulihkan kepercayaan Warga Negara Indonesia terhadap pelaksanaan hukum yang diselenggarakan oleh Negara demi terciptanya rasa keadilan yang hakiki, serta menciptakan efek jera kepada pelaku tindak pidana.

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